B2M

B2M is a low molecular weight protein produced by nucleated cells and many tumors.
Low levels of this protein are found naturally in serum.
High levels of B2M in serum are due to excessive production and release of this protein during normal glomerular filtration in the kidney.
Its levels are increased in people with tissue inflammation, autoimmune disorders, lymphoid diseases,
systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis type C, infectious mononucleosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
The use of antibiotics at the time of the test can cause false-positive test results.

D-Dimer

The D-Dimer test is one of the sensitive tests for examining vascular thrombosis.
Its main use is in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation and also to exclude the diagnosis of thromboembolism, especially when its probability is low.
A negative D-Dimer test rules out the possibility of pulmonary embolism and vascular thrombosis.
Its false positive may be observed in liver diseases, increased rheumatoid factor, pregnancy, inflammatory diseases and trauma.
A long delay in performing the test and if the sampling is done very soon after the clot formation in the body,
it causes a false negative, and also in the use of anticoagulants to prevent clot formation, this test gives a false negative.

Zinc

"Zinc" is found in the structure of many proteins. Organs rich in "zinc" include: kidney, prostate, seminal fluid, liver, retina, bones
and muscles and its concentration in red blood cells is as high as in plasma due to the presence of carbonic anhydrase.
"Zinc" can have important effects on human processes such as cell division and differentiation, their function and cell aging.
Clinical symptoms of "zinc" deficiency are observed in decreased immune system function, slow skin repair, short stature,
fetal growth arrest, abnormal fetal growth and miscarriage. Diseases such as chronic liver and kidney diseases, hepatitis,
sickle cell disease, severe burns and malignant and inflammatory diseases are effective in reducing the amount of "zinc".
Also, a decrease in zinc levels can be observed in the use of anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, penicillin, etc.
Pregnant women are at risk of a deficiency of plasma zinc and an increase in its levels in red blood cells due to
the absorption of zinc by the placenta and women who use contraceptives.

Copper

Copper" is generally seen in the form of ions 1 and 2 and is one of the rare and essential elements
that can be seen in the structure of some enzymes and proteins, and most of it is in red blood cells as a structural component of the superoxide dismutase enzyme.
The main functions of "copper" are in oxidation-reduction reactions,
and most copper-containing enzymes stick to it and react directly with molecular oxygen.
Ceruloplasmin is the main protein containing "copper", which is a ferrooxidase and oxidizes ferrous iron to ferrous form,
and "copper" is absorbed in the stomach and duodenum. There are also amounts of it in bile and digestive secretions.
An increase in "copper" is observed in inflammations, infections, pregnancy, leukemia, typhoid, Hodgkin's disease,
pulmonary tuberculosis, anemias, thalassemia major and minor, rheumatoid arthritis, Wilson's disease, reduced fibrotic trauma,
Wilson's syndrome, Menkes syndrome, burns and chronic ischemic heart disease.